![]() ![]() Known reservoir(s)/source(s) of contamination coli (AIEC), in the context of detection, diagnosis, epidemiology, public health, pathogenesis, and human disease. coli (ETEC), as well as a new pathotype, adherent invasive E. We discuss the six major diarrheagenic E. coli since the comprehensive 1998 review by James Nataro and James Kaper ( 8). In this review, we focus on advancements in our understanding of enteric pathogenic E. While various pathotypes contribute to diarrhea, the clinical symptoms and outcomes, site and mechanism of colonization, and disease can differ ( Table 1), exemplifying the diversity of E. Source data for the map: World Health Organization ( 5). Recent work published by GEMS found significant child mortality associated with EPEC and ETEC infections in developing countries ( 7). coli, are responsible for diarrhea-related mortality in these children. Many etiological agents, including pathogenic E. Estimates of diarrhea-specific mortality among children under 5 for each country reflect high mortality in developing countries, with the highest tolls present in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Global mortality from diarrhea in children under the age of 5 in 2010. These advances are essential for novel approaches to vaccines and treatments that prevent some of the serious sequelae and complications associated with E. coli microbiology, pathogenesis, ecology, and interactions with its host. coli scientific and clinical communities have made great strides in understanding E. coli in the global health burden of diarrheal disease. coli strains, thus underlining the significant role of pathogenic E. In addition, increased fatality rates are associated with enteropathogenic E. coli and Shigella are among two of the four main causative agents of moderate to severe diarrhea among children in these areas ( 7). Recent data from the Global Enteric Multi-Center Study (GEMS), one of the largest case-control studies aiming to understand the burden of pediatric diarrheal disease in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia ( 6), illustrate that enterotoxigenic E. ![]() While there are many etiological agents responsible for diarrhea, pathogenic E. 1) and particularly in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, whose children suffer many diarrhea-related deaths. coli can cause a broad range of human diseases that span from the gastrointestinal tract to extraintestinal sites such as the urinary tract, bloodstream, and central nervous system ( 3, 4).ĭiarrheal illness causes much mortality worldwide, particularly in children under the age of 5 ( 5) ( Fig. coli afforded through gene gain and loss that enable it to become a highly diverse and adapted pathogen. However, there is an alternate side to E. coli is known as a harmless commensal of the gastrointestinal tract in warm-blooded animals and is used as the colloquial laboratory workhorse. Although the organism was later described under multiple synonyms and iterations by other researchers, the name Escherichia coli was not fully recognized until 1954 ( 2). Theodor Escherich first reported the isolation and characterization of slender short rods from infant stool, which he named Bacterium coli commune, in his 1885 publication (reprinted in English ). This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases.
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